Rulers of Syria and Mesopotamia

[Dates reflect the Julian year in which the various reigns began and ended. Since the new year began in different months in different regions, co-regencies were arbitrarily included or excluded, and the various regimes sometimes used accession and sometimes non-accession reckoning, these tables cannot accurately reflect the various rulers' official regnal years.]

KINGS OF ASSYRIA
911-891	Adad-nirari II	Son of Ashshur-dan II.
891-884	Tukulti-ninurta II	Son of Adad-nirari II.
884-859	Ashshur-nasir-pal II	Son of Tukulti-ninurta II.
859-824	Shalmaneser III (Shalmanu-asharedu)	Son of Ashshur-nasir-pal II.
823-811	Shamshi-adad V	Son of Shalmaneser III.
811-806	Shammuramat / Shamiram	Wife of Shamshi-adad V. Ruled while her son, Adad-nirari III, was a minor.
811-783	Adad-nirari III	Son of Shamshi-adad V.
782-773	Shalmaneser IV (Shalmanu-asharedu)	Son of Adad-nirari III.
773-755	Ashshur-dan III	Son of Adad-nirari III.
755-745	Ashshur-nirari V	Son of Adad-nirari III.
745-727	Tiglath-pileser III (Tukulti-apil-esharra)	May have been brother or son of Ashshur-nirari V, but may also have been a usurper. Called Pul in 2 Kings 15:19, 20; 1 Chronicles 5:26.
727-722	Shalmaneser V (Shalmanu-asharedu)	Son of Tiglath-pileser III.
722-705	Sargon II (Sharukinu)	Either a son of Tiglath-pilser III or a usurper.
705-681	Sennacherib (Sin-ahhe-eriba)	Son of Sargon II.
681-669	Esarhaddon (Ashshur-aha-iddina)	Son of Sennacherib.
669-627	Ashurbanipal (Ashshur-ban-apal)	Son of Esarhaddon. Called Osnappar in Ezra 4:10. The chonology of his reign is disputed; he may have died as early as 631.
627-624	Ashshur-etel-ilani	Son of Ashurbanipal. Alternate dates are 631-627.
626	Sin-shumu-lishir	Usurper.
627-612	Sin-shar-ishkun	Son of Ashurbanipal.
612-609	Ashshur-uballit II	A member of the royal family; possibly a brother of Sin-shar-ishkun.

THE 10TH DYNASTY OF BABYLON
732-729	Nabu-mukin-zeri
729-727	Tiglath-pileser III (Tukulti-apil-esharra)	King of Assyria. Reigned Babylonia as "Pulu" (cf. 2 Ki 15:19, 20; 1 Ch 5:26).
727-722	Shalmaneser V (Shalmanu-asharedu)	Son of Tiglath-pileser III. Reigned Babylonia as "Ululayu."
722-710	Merodach-baladan (Marduk-apla-iddina)	Chaldean usurper.
710-705	Sargon II (Sharukinu)	Either a son of Tiglath-pilser III or a usurper.
705-703	Sennacherib (Sin-ahhe-eriba)	Son of Sargon II.
703	Marduk-zakir-shumi	Reigned for a few months following a revolt against Sennacherib.
703-702	Marduk-apla-iddina	Second reign, lasing nine months.
703-700	Bel-ibni	Appointed as a puppet king by Sennacherib; later deposed by the same.
700-694	Ashshur-nadin-shumi	Son of Sennacherib. Murdered when Elamites captured Babylon.
694-693	Nergal-ushezib	Installed as king by the Elamites. Captured by Assyrians in September 693.
693-689	Mushezib-marduk	Continued the resistance against the Assyrians. The Assyrians sack Babylon in 689.
689-681	Sennacherib (Sin-ahhe-eriba)	Second reign.
681-669	Esarhaddon (Ashshur-aha-iddina)	Son of Sennacherib
669-648	Shamash-shum-ukin	Son of Esarhaddon
648-627	Kandalanu	Appointed king by Ashurbanipal.
626	Sin-shumu-lishir	Only ruled parts of the country, including the city of Babylon.
627-620	Sin-shar-ishkun	Son of Ashurbanipal.

THE 11TH DYNASTY OF BABYLON
626-605	Nabopolassar (Nabu-apla-usur)
605-562	Nebuchadrezzar II (Nabu-kudurri-usur)	Called "Nebuchadrezzar the Great." Son of Nabopolassar.
562-560	Amel-marduk / Awil-marduk	Son of Nebuchadrezzar II. Called "Evil-merodach" in the OT.
560-556	Neriglissar (Nergal-shar-usur)	Son-in-law of Nebuchadrezzar II. Called Nergal-Sharezar in Jeremiah 39:3, 13. Overthrew Amel-marduk.
556	Labashi-marduk	Son of Neriglissar. Ruled nine months.
556-539	Nabonidus (Nabu-na'id)	Relationship to previous kings is unclear. He overthrew Labashi-marduk. He "retired" after only three years to the oasis of Tema to devote himself to the moon god, Sin.
553-539	Belshazzar (Bel-sarra-usur)	Son of Nabonidus. A co-regent who ruled as "crown prince" and "governor" while his father was at Tema. This, by the way, is why he could only make Daniel "third" in the kingdom (Dan 5:16)--he himself was only "second."

GOVERNORS OF BABYLON UNDER PERSIA
539-538	Gubaru (Gaubaruva)	Governed Babylon for about one year. Some theorize he is the "Darius the Mede" of Daniel 5:31; 9:1; 11:1.
538-522	Cambyses (Kambujiya)	Son of Cyrus the Great. Named governor of Babylon a year after Persia's conquest of Babylonia.
522-332		Additional Persian governors.

ALEXANDER AND HIS IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS
332-323	Alexander III of Macedonia	Called "Alexander the Great." Son of Philip II.
323-321	Perdiccas	Named regent at the death of Alexander. The empired was divided among Alexander's generals, who became satraps of the various provinces according to the Division of Babylon (323). Murdered in Egypt.
323-317	Philip III Arrhidaeus	Illegitimate son of Philip II and half-brother of Alexander the Great.
323-309	Alexander IV Aegus	Posthumous son of Alexander the Great. Last of the old Macedonian royal line.

THE SELEUCID DYNASTY
305-281	Seleucus I Nicator	Son of Antiochus, a general of Philip II of Macedonia. "Commander-in-chief of the camp" under Perdiccas, but later helped to assassinate him. Made satrap of Babylon in the Divison of Triparadisus (320). Threatened by Antigonus, he forged an alliance with Ptolemy I of Egypt and returned to Babylon in 312. Proclaimed himself king in 305.
291-261	Antiochus I Soter	Son of Seleucus I.
261-246	Antiochus II Theos	Son of Antiochus I.
246-225	Seleucus II Callinicus	Son of Antiochus II.
225-223	Seleucus III Ceraunus	Son of Seleucus II.
223-187	Antiochus III	Son of Seleucus II. Called "Antiochus the Great."
187-175	Seleucus IV Philopator	Son of Antiochus III.
175-164	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	Son of Antiochus III. Mentioned extensively in 1-2 Maccabees.
164-162	Antiochus V Eupator	Son of Antiochus IV.
161-150	Demetrius I Soter	Son of Seleucus IV.
154-145	Alexander I Balas	Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV.
145-138	Demetrius I Nicator	Son of Demetrius I.
145-140?	Antiochus VI Dionysus	Son of Alexander Balas. Also called "Epiphanes"
140?-138	Diodotus Tryphon	Son of Demetrius I.
138-129	Antiochus VII Sidetes	Son of Demetrius I. Also called "Euergetes."
129-126	Demetrius II Nicator	Second reign.
129-123	Alexander II Zabinas	Claimed to be an adopted son of Antiochus VII. Rival king.
126(5)	Seleucus V Philometor	Son of Demetrius II.
125-96	Antiochus VIII Grypus	Son of Demetrius II.
114-96	Antiochus IX Cyzicenus	Son of Antiochus VII.
96-95	Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator	Son of Antiochus VIII.
95-92 (or 83)	Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator	Son of Antiochus IX.
95-87	Demetrius III Eucaerus	Son of Antiochus VII. Also called "Philopator."
95-92	Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus	Son of Antiochus VIII.
95-84(3)	Philip I Philadelphus	Son of Antiochus VIII.
87-84	Antiochus XII Dionysus	Son of Antiochus VIII.
83-69		In this period Syria was under the rule of Tigranes I of Armenia.
c. 70 - c. 60	Seleucus VII Cybiosactes	Presumably son of Antiochus X, but he is only known from a few recently discovered coins that name him and his mother, the Ptolemaic princess Cleopatra Selene. Also called "Philometor"
69-64	Antiochus XIII Asiaticus	Son of Antiochus X.
65-63	Philip II Philoromaeus	Son of Philip I.